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Complete Streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated, and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. Complete Streets allow for safe travel by those walking, bicycling, driving automobiles, riding public transportation, or delivering goods. The term is often used by transportation advocates, urban planners, traffic and highway engineers, public health practitioners, and community members in the United States and Canada. Complete Streets are promoted as offering improved safety, health, economic, and environmental outcomes. Complete Streets emphasize the importance of safe access for all users, not just automobiles. Related concepts include living streets, Woonerf, and home zones. ==History== After World War II, many communities in the United States had been designed to facilitate easy and fast access to destinations via automobile. In rural and suburban communities, people often rely on the automobile as their sole means of transportation and even in areas with public transportation and safe places to walk and bicycle, they live in a state of “automobile dependence” wherein automobiles are the central focus of transportation, infrastructure and land use policies to the extent that other modes of transportation, such as walking, cycling and mass transit, have become impractical.〔Newman, P. and J. Kenworthy. ''Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence''. Washington, DC: Island Press. 1999.〕 Oregon enacted the first Complete Streets-like policy in the United States in 1971, requiring that new or rebuilt roads must accommodate bicycles and pedestrians, and also calling on state and local governments to fund pedestrian and bicycle facilities in the public right-of-way.〔Oregon Department of Transportation. ("Bike Bill and Use of Highway Funds" ). Page updated February 4, 2007, accessed April 12, 2011.〕 Since then 16 additional state legislatures have adopted Complete Streets laws.〔http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/changing-policy/complete-streets-atlas〕 In 2003, Barbara McCann, who would later become the Executive Director of the National Complete Streets Coalition, coordinated a search for a replacement for the term “routine accommodation.”〔McCann, Barbara ("Happy Anniversary, Complete Streets!" ), "National Complete Streets Coalition", 2010, accessed April 12, 2011.〕 The term "complete streets" was suggested by David Goldberg, the communications director for Smart Growth America, and it was adopted by a coalition of advocacy groups to refer both to a comprehensive approach to street design and to the coalition itself. The National Complete Streets Coalition was founded in 2005 by a coalition of advocacy and trade groups, including AARP, the American Planning Association and the American Society of Landscape Architects. The American Public Transportation Association, Blue Cross Blue Shield Minnesota, the National Association of Realtors, and the Institute of Transportation Engineers are examples of other current Coalition Steering Committee members.〔 Federal complete streets legislation was proposed in 2008 and 2009, but failed to become law.〔("H.R. 1443: Complete Streets Act of 2009" ), "Govtrack.us", accessed March 10, 2011.〕〔("S. 584: Complete Streets Act of 2009" ), "Govtrack.us", accessed March 10, 2011.〕〔Library of Congress, ("Bill Summary & Status" ), Thomas. Accessed April 15, 2011.〕 In 2010 the U.S. Department of Transportation issued a policy statement on bicycle and pedestrian accommodation, declaring its support for their inclusion in federal-aid transportation projects and encouraging community organizations, public transportation agencies, and state and local governments to adopt similar policies.〔("Policy Statement on Bicycle and Pedestrian Accommodation" ), "U.S. Department of Transportation", March 11, 2010, accessed April 15, 2011.〕 By early 2013, more than 490 jurisdictions in United States had adopted a Complete Streets policy. Twenty-seven states, including the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, had adopted Complete Streets policies. Some of these jurisdictions passed legislation enacting their policies into law, while others chose to implemented their policies by executive order or internal policy. Still more jurisdictions have passed non-binding resolutions in support of Complete Streets, or created transportation plans that incorporate Complete Streets principles.〔Smart Growth America, (Complete Streets Policy Analysis ), 2012〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「complete streets」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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